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Methods In this section, the authors describe the research methods they used. All procedures, equipment, measurement parameters, etc. are described in detail sufficient for another researcher to evaluate and/or reproduce the research. In addition, authors explain the sources of error and procedures employed to reduce and measure the uncertainty in their model / data. Results The model proposed / data collected during the research are presented in this section, both in written form and using tables, graphs, and figures. Importantly, they should be presented separately from any interpretation by the authors. This separation from interpretation serves two purposes : first, it gives other scientists the opportunity to evaluate the quality of the model / data itself, and second, it allows others to develop their own interpretations of the findings based on their background knowledge and experience. Discussion and conclusions In this section, authors present their interpretation of the data, often including a model or idea they feel best explains their results. They also present the strengths and significance of their work. Naturally, this is the most subjective section of the article.
Often, the discussion section includes several possible explanations or interpretations; the authors may then describe why they support one particular interpretation over the others. A final component of the conclusions involves placing the current work back into a larger context by discussing the implications of the work. References Scientific research requires building on existing knowledge, and previous findings are recognized by directly citing them in any new work. In addition, the reference section provides readers of the article with more information about the particular research topic discussed. Extract from : Anthony Carpi, Anne E. Egger, Natalie H. Kuldell, "Scientific Communication: Understanding Scientific Journals and Articles", Visionlearning Vol. POS-1 (9), 2008. www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=158 http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=158shapeimage_9_link_0
A typical full paper will have the following headings : Title The title of a scientific article should concisely and accurately summarize the research. Authorship The authorship reflects the distribution of the workload and responsibility for the research, in addition to the writing. By convention, the scientist who performed most of the work described in the article is listed first, and it is likely that the first author did most of the writing. Abstract In the abstract, describe the research question, the general methods, and the major findings and implications of the work. It is important to have a short version of the full story. Introduction The central research question and important background information are presented in the introduction. The introduction is intended to lead the reader to understand the authors' aims, hypothesis and means of testing it. In addition, the introduction provides an opportunity for the authors to show that they are aware of the work that scientists have done before them and how their results fit in, explicitly building on existing knowledge.
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